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Chapter 3 - Semicolon

IntroductionTop writers do not use the semicolon as much today as they did in the past. As a matter of style, you should try to avoid using too many sentences consisting of two independent clauses joined by a semicolon. The mark does have its uses, h...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Semicolons and Independent Clauses

A semicolon separates two or more independent clauses joined without a coordinating conjunction: The Court required police to warn suspects of their constitutional rights; in doing so, it made judicial history.  Previous: Chapter 3 - SemicolonNe...

added by edgood
8 years ago

“However” and Other Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive AdverbsConjunctive adverbs include however, therefore, thus, furthermore, and others.If you use a conjunctive adverb to join two independent clauses (compound sentence), then use a semicolon, followed by the conjunctive adverb, followed b...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Semicolons Separating Elements in a Series

Semicolons Instead of CommasWe reviewed this rule when we discussed the serial-comma rule in the discussion on the comma above. It bears repeating, however. When elements in a series are long and complex or involve internal punctuation, they should b...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Semicolons with Quotation Marks

Semicolon Comes OutsideThe semicolon should be placed outside ending quotation marks. When the quoted matter ends with a semicolon, the semicolon in the quotation is dropped: The agency reviewed those petitions that were "timely"; it ignored those th...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Chapter 4 - Colon

The colon joins two independent clauses (compound sentence), introduces lists, and sets up quotations. Previous: Semicolons with Quotation MarksNext: Colon and Independent Clauses...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Colon and Independent Clauses

Colon Acts like a PeriodMany writers use the colon between two independent clauses, especially when the subject matter of the second clause expands on, or exemplifies, the subject matter of the first. Some writers start the second clause with a capit...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Introducing a List

A ListUse the colon to introduce a list or a series: The committee's study focused on the most critical areas: development of software, needed changes in computer systems, and recruitment of new engineers. Use of namely, that is, etc.If the list or s...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Introducing Statements or Quotations

Introduce Formal StatementUse the colon to introduce a formal statement, an extract from a passage, or a speech in a dialogue: Remember the rule: A colon may be used to introduce a statement.I now quote from the committee's ruling: "As we stated befo...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Colons with Quotation Marks

Colon Comes OutsideThe colon should be placed outside quotation marks. When matter ending with a colon is quoted, the colon is dropped: The employee has two objections to the practice of "early retirement": He wants to continue working, and the polic...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Chapter 5 - Dash

Functions of the DashThe dash is one of the most effective punctuation marks of all. It can halt readers in their tracks—it makes them pay attention—as they read through your words of wisdom. Basically, the dash creates the biggest of the "punctu...

added by edgood
8 years ago

En and Em Dashes

Types of DashesThere are several kinds of dashes, differing from one another in length. There are en dashes (short), em dashes (medium), and 2‑ and 3‑em dashes (long). The term em dash is a printer's term meaning the width of the letter "m." The ...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Em Dashes - No Spaces

No spaces come before and after the dash. The dash—a most effective punctuation mark—halts readers in their tracks.  Previous: En and Em DashesNext: Chapter 6 - Parentheses...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Chapter 6 - Parentheses

IntroductionParentheses, like commas and dashes, may be used to set off amplifying, explanatory, or digressive elements. If the parenthetical elements bear a close logical relationship to the rest of the sentence, use commas. If the logical relation...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Amplify, Explain, or Digress

Use parentheses to enclose material that amplifies, explains, or digresses from the central message in the sentence: The disagreement between the president and the treasurer (they had fought over the issue a number of times) ultimately destroyed the ...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Numbers in Lists Within Text

Use parentheses to enclose numerals or letters marking divisions or enumerations within the text of your writing. Remember, in indented and vertical lists, the period sets off the number or letter: He discovered the various abuses in (1) recruiting, ...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Parentheses and Other Punctuation

Drop Other PunctuationBefore the closing parenthesis, drop almost all punctuation, such as commas, semicolons, and colons.PeriodsRetain a period inside the closing parenthesis if you've written a complete parenthetical sentence. Put the period outsid...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Chapter 7 - Brackets

IntroductionBrackets are used to enclose editorial interpolations, corrections, explanations, or comments in quoted material.SicResist the temptation to use "[sic]," which in Latin means "that's your mistake, fella, not mine," to point out a mistake ...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Parentheticals Within Parentheses

If you write a parenthetical statement and need to include another parenthetical statement within it, then enclose the second one in brackets: While visiting Virginia, Dr. Smith and his assistant (Fred Jones, who would later study the state bird [the...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Chapter 8 - Question Mark

IntroductionIn creative writing, the question mark shows up all the time. In expository writing, question marks do appear—often as mistakes.The question mark serves a variety of roles.Ask a Question The question mark ends the sentence that is a que...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Question Marks with Quotation Marks

Where Do Questions Marks Go?Put the question mark inside ending quotation marks if the question belongs to the quoted source. Put it outside if the question belongs to the writer.Inside When the Question Belongs to the Source The committee asked, rat...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Chapter 9 - Exclamation Point

IntroductionUse the exclamation point to shout. And don't shout much at all in expository writing. Let your prose show your emphasis: The Supreme Court flatly ruled against us! When 911 took the call, the operator said, "I'm on a break now"! Exclamat...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Chapter 10 - Hyphen

IntroductionThe hyphen is one of the most underused, one of the most incorrectly used, and one of the most important punctuation marks in writing.It plays a role in showing ranges of numbers. It often incorrectly appears in words beginning with prefi...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Ranges of Numbers

You may use the hyphen (or the en dash) to show a range of numbers: These statistics appear on pages 54-56.  Previous: Chapter 10 - HyphenNext: Prefix Words...

added by edgood
8 years ago

Prefix Words

IntroductionMany words start with prefixes; e.g., nonresident, antitrust, coparty, and a spate of others. As a writer, you must learn the rules of hyphenation. So let's start with this observation:Nearly all words formed with prefixes are not hyphena...

added by edgood
8 years ago

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    Quiz

    Are you a grammar master?

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    Identify the sentence with correct use of the preposition 'on':
    A The keys are on the kitchen counter.
    B The cat is sleeping on the sofa.
    C She sat on the desk during the lecture.
    D He lives on the fifth floor.